Air Pollution

Imagine that the air that you are breathing may be killing you †¦ well, no need to Imagine as this is the ugly truth. Air pollution is an intractable problem that we have noticed since the industrial revolution and it has increased over the years to become one of our time’s biggest issues. While some air pollution is a result of natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, most is caused by human activities. The first major cause of air pollution is car exhausts which lead to about 50 % of the total air pollution.The second major pollutant is Nitrogen oxides. And last is Sulpher dioxide. But wait!.. Those three are not just the only air pollutants, the causes can be many to name, e. g. fertilizer dust, cement dust, pesticides †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ etc The health effects caused by air pollutants can be drastic. Doctors and researchers have uncovered several diseases that seem to be caused by air pollution, including asthma, lung cancer and heart diseases. Along with harming human h ealth, air pollution can cause a variety of environmental effects, e. g. cid rain, ozone depletion, crop and forest damage and global climate change. There are now various air pollution control technologies and strategies available to help reduce it, People are encouraged now more than ever before to use non-polluting renewable forms of energy and lots of countries have established new legislation concern the protection of the environment. In conclusion, I feel that all the previous solutions go some way to offering a lasting solution to the problem of air pollution and hope to prove workable soon before it’s too late for us and for our planet. Air Pollution Imagine that the air that you are breathing may be killing you †¦ well, no need to Imagine as this is the ugly truth. Air pollution is an intractable problem that we have noticed since the industrial revolution and it has increased over the years to become one of our time’s biggest issues. While some air pollution is a result of natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, most is caused by human activities. The first major cause of air pollution is car exhausts which lead to about 50 % of the total air pollution.The second major pollutant is Nitrogen oxides. And last is Sulpher dioxide. But wait!.. Those three are not just the only air pollutants, the causes can be many to name, e. g. fertilizer dust, cement dust, pesticides †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ etc The health effects caused by air pollutants can be drastic. Doctors and researchers have uncovered several diseases that seem to be caused by air pollution, including asthma, lung cancer and heart diseases. Along with harming human h ealth, air pollution can cause a variety of environmental effects, e. g. cid rain, ozone depletion, crop and forest damage and global climate change. There are now various air pollution control technologies and strategies available to help reduce it, People are encouraged now more than ever before to use non-polluting renewable forms of energy and lots of countries have established new legislation concern the protection of the environment. In conclusion, I feel that all the previous solutions go some way to offering a lasting solution to the problem of air pollution and hope to prove workable soon before it’s too late for us and for our planet.

Indentured servitude Essay

Indentured servitude was considered a fine replacement for slavery, rising as slavery fell out of favor in many of the European countries. However, despite the rules that were out in place, they were often changed and didn’t follow the what could be considered the lowest form of humanity. Indentured servitude was used instead of slavery, but in the end, it was almost the same affliction. David Northup’s Doc 4 compares directly with Doc 3, 6, and 9. They show almost just the sheer amount of indentured servants that were shipped for the purpose of hard labor. All three documents are purely data and can be considered un-bias, trustworthy sources. In Doc 3 it is hugely visible that a massive amount of servants are sent to the Caribbean such as Trinidad and plantations in Suriname from India, a British colony. Doc 4 backs up this information as well as provide a huge number of455,000 people bent sent from India to the ‘Spice Islands’, Mauritius. Doc 6 shows tha t many of these indentured servants were previous slaves, or Asian Indians, whom the British considered below their station. Doc 9 also shows this huge number of indentured servants in Mauritius, showing that 71% of the population was Asian Indian, as well as the population of Trinidad being 33% Asian Indian. This information may not seem prevalent, but when compared to the stark contrast of Doc 7 and Doc 8. Doc 7 is an official document from the British Guiana Indenture Agreement from 1895. The document itself is a sign-up sheet that the servant would sign to agree to conditions that he trusted were to be followed until the end of his term, which lasted 5 years. This agreement states that work is every day except Sundays and Holidays and work will be 7 hours in the field or 10 in the buildings. However in Doc 8 an indentured servant complains about the conditions of his work. He works from 5:30 to 8:30, which is 15 hours total, and must work on Sundays till 2:00, which is 8 hours and 30 minutes. This amount of work is double the promised 7 hours, and even more than the normal hours on a day in which they weren’t to work at all. This was a gross abuse of rights and scholars even knew it, but people still didn’t see them as ‘people’ but workers. Doc 1 and 2 shows this. At first it was drafted just as the necessity of importation of foreign labor, but grew into a huge problem. The natives couldn’t keep up with the work and more and more immigrants were needed to keep up a study supply of sugar. However, it wasn’t as what one could call, nice, as it sounded. They were machines.  Indentured servant were not voluntary immigrants, but they weren’t slaves. They were raised, with pain, much like recruits for military service. Indentured servitude was indeed not a slavery of people, but it was the outcome of slavery and led to something very similar. People were worked to the bone and foreigners were pulled in to tiny islands just to maintain a steady flow of sugar and other rich resources. I believe Doc 5 was completely unnecessary and would have preferred another document with another account of mistreatment, or a change of time graph of indentured servants, or a change over time graph of slaves to indentured servants.

Assignment #4 The Ragan Revolution through President Obamma Essay

Assignment #4 The Ragan Revolution through President Obamma - Essay Example One of the major historical turning points during Regan’s error is AIDs epidemic. AIDs killed millions of people during this period but the main tragedy was not the disease but the lack of enough action to control it. One of the reasons behind this situation was the belief that AID s could only be contracted by homosexuals. President Reagan was reluctant thus did not fully supportive of the disease treatment as he didn’t want to anger the Christian conservatives. The American public only came to realize the reality of the disease after a hemophiliac teenager contracted AIDS virus through blood transfusion and the public confession of Magic Johnson announcing that he too had contracted the virus. The other event was the expansion of the southern states to the western dangerous regions as well as their efforts to tame new frontiers. During this period, the wives of the army men were made to enjoy a different status. This was completely different in comparison to the woman rights during the America colonization and civil war period. The areas allowed their women to take part in civil society and voting as well as assuming the judge position. The culture of the army wives gave women equal eminence at the time of frontier expansion. As this took place in the western frontiers, the rest of the states conserved their male order societies. This situation led to the frontier women to enjoy a status that was special following the forward posts isolation pockets and the community transformation into a society during threat and danger times so as to continue existing efficiently. The end result was that the women ended up sharing the same responsibilities with the men and their system a llowed a combined authority while the eastern states stuck to their traditional culture of having the males dominate in everything.

Bus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Bus - Essay Example These behaviors serve as resistance to group influence and task requirements† (Smith, 2005). The third stage, norming, the group members have overcome conflicts and have begun to establish group norms, where roles, standards and responsibilities are defined and carried out. Finally, performing stage, as the term implies, focus on performance of tasks where roles become functional and flexible as deemed appropriate. The five soft skills employers look for in today’s workplace are: proactive attitude, problem-solving, the ability to manifest a vocation of service, teamwork, and exemplary communication skills (Tarnogol, 2010). In the academe, one has experienced working with going through the phases of team development through group work where course modules would require a project to be accomplished as a group. The most eminent phase of team development that the group centered on was the performing stage, where all members have recognized the need to comply with the defined roles and responsibilities to enable the accomplishment of group goals. For example, in English class where the group was expected to create a presentation about literary elements of a novel, all the members prepared to work on the tasks assigned. Apparently, one could attest that the three prior stages were briefly experienced (forming, storming and norming), particularly the need to define goals, roles and responsibilities under the forming stage and the experience of conflicts under the storming stage. The performing stage, however, was most memorable in terms of defining the ability of members to collaborate and actively participa te to ensure that the defined objectives and tasks are effectively carried out. Tarnogol, F. (2010, September 16). Top 5 Soft Skills Employers Seek and How To Use them in a Job Interview. Retrieved January 23, 2012, from

Reliability, Validity and Trustworthiness in Nursing Essay

Reliability, Validity and Trustworthiness in Nursing - Essay Example 30). In case positive results of the nurses’ researches and studies are reached, then their research strategies are valid and reliable (Zangaro, Soeken 2005, p. 6). Qualitative researches are often positioned as pragmatic researches and there is no doubt that there is a need to follow the rules of these researches. In accordance with Aristotle, there is more practical than theoretical aspects of nursing. One of the greatest ancient philosophers claims: â€Å"practical sciences inquire into the principles and causes of things to achieve knowledge in order to make, as in engineering, or in order to do, as in ethics† (Strickland 2006, p. 5). Three main concepts of nursing research Reliability and validity are two integrative elements of trustworthiness of the researches and studies. Trustworthiness of the research depends on the initial research question, data collection, analysis and conclusions reached. The issues of validity and reliability should be taken into account in the process of reading different research projects, either quantitative or qualitative ones. Both in qualitative and quantitative studies, these concepts are of crucial importance. That is why the following research, which is based on the article by Byrne, Cooper and Fairburn â€Å"Weight maintenance and relapse in obesity: a qualitative study†, the concept of reliability is discussed in detail. The study deals with the problems of obesity, a challenging issue of weight regain and weight maintenance. A qualitative approach is chosen in this study, because there is a need to define the number of factors, which are influencing on weight maintenance and relapse in obesity. The reliability of quantitative studies depends on the methodology of calculation. In the study conducted by Byrne, Cooper and Fairburn transcripts were analyzed with the help of NUD*IST software (Byrne, Cooper and Fairburn 2003, p. 956). Reliability demonstrates how a certain procedural instrument is used to provide similar results in different circumstances. Validity is the correlation of an intended measure with the real measure. These two concepts should be better considered in terms of nursing research. In a broader definition: â€Å"validity in relation to research is a judgment regarding the degree to which the components of the research reflect the theory, concept, or variable under study† (Roberts 2006, p. 42). In order to determine whether results are valid or not, it is necessary to determine worthiness of the reached results in the process of the study. Internal validity refers to evaluation of the results’ worthiness. External validity deals with generalization of the study’s results and its application to the larger population (Morse 1991, p. 15). Further on, the concept of reliability is considered in detail and it is relevant to discuss the main characteristics of this concept. Reliability determines an instrument’s stability and consistency in a certain context. Reliability of a measured instrument should be considered in terms of a particular study otherwise its application may be irrelevant. Further on reliability will be considered in accordance with three main characteristics: stability, internal consistency and equivalence (Munhall 2001, p. 18). Test-retest

Future of nursing from IOM report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Future of nursing from IOM report - Essay Example Barrier removal will help in the optimization of the ability of nurses to lead change (â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health - Institute of Medicine†, n.d.). In the report carried out, four important points were identified, and they helped in structuring a discussion for the sanctions. In the identified messages, they pointed out that the nurses should practice according to their education and training to the full extend. Besides this, they also mentioned that high levels of training and education should be attained by the nurses through an education system which is improved and that which provides an academic progression that is unified. They also mentioned that there should be formation of a full partnership by the nurses with the physicians together with other health professionals in the process of redesigning healthcare in America. Finally, they identified that there is requirement for improved information infrastructure and better collection of data, to ensure effective planning and workforce policy making (Nursing, 2011). Moreover, the report provides sanctions which gives suggestion actions at the national level, state level and local level. These sanctions are aimed at achieving the important points which were recognized in the report, that are necessary for the improvement of the future of nursing. Important sanctions were made for the transformation of education, leadership and practice. In the education transformation, there should be an increment in the percentage of nurses having a baccalaureate degree, by 2020 there should be double the number of nurses having doctoral degrees, and the nurses should engage in lifelong learning. In the transformation of practice, the scope of practice barriers should be removed. Leadership transformation sanctions included: the opportunities for collaborative improvement efforts to be led by nurses should be expanded and nurses should be prepared and enabled to lead

Should Morbidly Obese Kids Be Taken from Their Parents Essay

Should Morbidly Obese Kids Be Taken from Their Parents - Essay Example This paper provides the summary and response to the article written by gaelle faure, â€Å"Should Parents of Obese Kids Lose Custody?† published on Time.com on Friday, Oct. 16, 2009 (faure) Western world is facing the critical question,† Should morbidly obese children be taken from their parents?† at present. Reports from Scotland, California, New Mexico, Texas and New York, as well as Canada have shown that because of a childs obesity the parents lost the custody of their children. Because of child privacy laws, many such incidents have been kept as secrets whereas only few of them have been published. The above issue has first appeared in public debated issues, two years before with a British television documentary about Connor McCreaddie, an 8-year-old who weighed more than 200 lbs. and was at risk of being taken from his mother by authorities. It is an accepted fact that removing children from their parents remains a last resort, but obesity experts are increasingly debating whether doing so can boost a childs chances for a healthier life. Childhood obesity can cause physical problems like Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, high cholesterol orthopedic problems, and mental problems due to hypertension, sleep apnea and early puberty. The major reason for over weight is overeating itself. Even though, parents have a major role in making their children obese, other issues like genetic predisposition and socioeconomic status and environmental factors, like whether children have access to parks and playgrounds are also major reasons for child obesity. As per Tam Fry, chairman of Britains Child Growth Foundation, if the parents refuse to address the child obesity issue, then they should be put in the care of professionals — with the provision that parents may visit, till the steps are taken to alter the familys diet so that the child may eventually return to a

Health Care Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Care Management - Essay Example This course on health care finance gave me the much needed perspective to understand the current health care scenario and the challenges that it faces from the financial perspective. As the course progressed I realized that health care finance is very important and relevant with respect to the current health care scenario of rising health care cost and the demand of health care services. The case studies that were analyzed in class gave me an opportunity to learn about the various economic, political and social factors that influence decision making in the field of health care. It gave me an understanding of the various opportunities and dilemmas that health care managers face and I now appreciate the work that goes into ensuring that quality care services are provided to the patients. The case studies challenged me to critically think and evaluate each case material by considering the dilemmas posed by each scenario and developing strategies to respond to or resolve these issues. In addition to this, I was also challenged to identify and prioritize competing issues which helped me to develop my problem-solving skills and improved my ability to analyze and reason rigorously especially when it came to scenarios requiring resource allocation in view of political constraints and changing market demands.

Target Market for Virgin America Airline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Target Market for Virgin America Airline - Essay Example According to Aufreiter et al. of the McKinsey quarterly, Virgin Atlantic constantly tries to reinforce the brand slogan ‘doing things differently’ by offering to sit down bar service, flatbed seats, in-flight massage service ( 2003). This image may be firmly entrenched in the image of potential customers of Virgin America. According to Mutzabaugh of USA today (2007), Virgin America positions itself as an airline that is something between the traditional airline carriers and a discount airline, and although the service is less lavish than the international service it still promotes itself as having the best customer service in the business. What this paints a picture of is an airline that has significantly lower fares than most traditional airlines while still being able to offer excellent service. Furthermore, according to the Virgin America website, the company also offers a first class service on its flights which indicates that the company is prepared to segment the market for both people seeking low-cost flights and people demanding additional service The target market for this paper is defined as males and females who live in close enough proximity to the seven destinations that Virgin America services and are automobile owners. Furthermore, the target market encompasses people who are employed and should have enough disposable income and be 20+ to account for the need to take a holiday. As the company positions itself as a low-cost air carrier the target also includes people who are thrifty but also demand quality. According to the Virgin America website, the airline departs from and flies to only seven American cities (Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle and Washington DC.) and the company uses San Francisco as its hub and Los Angeles as a focus city. So one could assume that the target market would encompass both potential customers that either live in  close proximity to the airports that Virgin America services and those who would be interested in visiting one of the other cities that the airline services.

Phonetics Lesson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phonetics Lesson - Essay Example Phonics lessons generate the best results for enhancing language. This paper will focus on one aspect of phonetics, Articulatory Phonetics, and create a lesson plan for English Language Learners (ELLs) with regards to this aspect. In learning articulation, phoneticians elucidate how people produce speech sounds through the interaction of diverse physiological structures (Bickford, 2006). Normally, articulatory phonetics is related to the conversion of aerodynamic energy into audio energy. Aerodynamic energy is the air that flows in the vocal tract. Aerodynamic energy’s potential structure is air pressure. Its kinetic structure, on the other hand, is the actual active airflow. Acoustic energy refers to the variation in the air pressure, which can be characterized as sound waves that are then professed by the human acoustic system as sound (Robertson, 2009). The key focus of this article is to offer educators a practical way to assist English Language Learners (ELLs) make little progress in literacy, especially ELLs who experience complexity in being aware of and differentiating the sounds in words (Robertson, 2009). This focus-grade of this paper will be students of the lower grades that are first to fifth grade. English language learners in these grades will benefit from improved exposure to language and print material. A print-rich classroom should include access to reference materials and books, labels and posters, and student works put on notice boards (Robertson, 2009). Speech walls are also a significant way educators could use to assist ELLs develop the phonetics skills. The speech walls should be organized around a variety of concepts, comprising of the alphabet and phonetic sounds, sight words, new vocabulary words, grammar rules, writing structures and conversational phrases (Bickford, 2006). A student's native language will also most probably have a strong effect on the manner, which the student learns English. Considering how this language is comparable to or diverse from English will assist educators to center on difficult areas in the lessons. This control can offer extra assistance, such as the case of Spanish and English cognates (educacion and education). The influence also might lead to some enduring faults in English that will become clear with time and frequent use by learners who have a similar native language. Languages might be different in a number of ways, such as pronunciation, phonetic sounds, word order, sentence structure or grammar (Robertson, 2009). For instance, in Spanish, the adjective frequently follows the noun, therefore an ELL might write, "We are a couple happy." In Somali, b and p have the same or similar sound. Somali students, therefore, need to be trained on these sounds clearly as two separate sounds. If not, they might ask for a tin of pop and it appears like they have asked for "bob." Native language might also influence learners’ vocabulary as they interpret phrases or words from one foreign language to another. Maybe a vocabulary word has numerous meanings, a diverse meaning in every language, or the idea is not present in one of the languages (Bickford, 2006). Even though, many educators do not know their learner's native language, being conscious of the effect of native language will allow educators to target their instruction successfully. A phonetics class that has ELLs should incorporate models of how to use structures, sounds, and language appropriately in English (Bickford, 2006).

Key learning point Essay Example for Free

Key learning point Essay Power refers to the extent to which one can satisfy their target goals, needs or desires. Power can be used either to dominate or control the other, or can be used to work together with the other party involved. Whichever way power is used it gives one an edge over the other party in negotiations. Information provides an important source and a means of acquiring power. Reason for Selection: Informational power comes from a person’s ability to assemble data to support his positions, arguments, or desired outcomes. This resource provides an important tool in challenging the other party’s position, or undermine their arguments or propositions during negotiations. Application to a business or personal situation: A year ago, I was talking to a doctor who was new at one of the centers I am marketing my pharmaceutical products. The doctor openly rubbished my product saying he had absolutely no scope for it in his medical practice basing his argument on the position of a respected doctor in the area of medicine in which my product is applied. What this doctor did not know is that from my market survey on my product and competitor brands momentum in the market, the doctor he claimed was the top prescriber of my product in that town . I provided the evidence and within a month I received a call from my manager that the doctor had placed an LPO for my product. Action or steps taken to improve: I read widely and extensively on new trends in my area of work; undertake market survey on different issues; seek the opinion of experts; attend seminars and conferences on various topics; and in general try to keep an open mind, maintain my curiosity about life and watch informative programs. References Squidoo (2010). A goldmine of journal Writing Prompts. Retrieved on 30th July, 2010, from http://www. squidoo. com/journalwritingprompts

Reviewing Classroom Management Plan Essay Example for Free

Reviewing Classroom Management Plan Essay In reviewing this classroom management plan, I will be looking at the various elements that make up the plan. Such as the visual environment, physical arrangement, class rules and procedures as well as the types of instruction, communication plan and the teacher’s personal philosophy. Classroom management involves teacher actions to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interaction, active engagement in learning, and self- motivation. (Burden 2004) The management plan discusses how the visual environment will be set up to motivate the students to learn by having a star student board. That recognizes the student’s hard work both intellectually and socially. As well as having the walls decorated with posters and student’s artwork. There will also be plants and animals in the classroom that the students will be take care of in order to develop of sense of responsibility. It is important to make your classroom an attractive, comfortable place. (Burden, 2004) Sensory stimulation is another effect of a good classroom setting. For children, it is easier to learn in a very appealing classroom, because the elements of the things that would appeal to the senses are there. Pictures, colors, sound, and so forth. (Furniture, 2008)The physical arrangement is set up in groups so that the students can use it as a work space as well as centers. By putting the desks in group it promotes group cohesiveness as well as helping with behavior management. It also helps students with different learning needs, because students get the help that they need by having their peers and teacher to help them. Having different centers in the classroom is an excellent way to incorporate many skills and concepts, but it is also a great way to target students’ different learning styles. This plan gives students a chance to express their different learning styles. By giving them a chance to work with other students in the book nook area or meet with them on the carpet at different designated times. The arrangement of furniture affects space allocation and space allocation has effects to the learning atmosphere. If the classroom looks narrow and small for students, they feel restricted and they do not interact well. On the other hand, if a classroom provides adequate space, students feel that there is space for interaction. (Furniture, 2008) The room is set up so the high traffic areas are free of congestion and there is plenty of space to be able to move around the room effectively. Some things that you could add to make the classroom more accessible for students in a wheel chair is by maybe adding a ramp outside the class room, and larger work space area for the student to be able work at instead of a traditional desk. The way the desks, tables, and other classroom materials are arranged affects instruction and has an influence on order in the classroom. (Burden, 2004) The plan does not tell how the teacher developed the rules. Ways that you could have the students become involved in the process of making the rules is by asking the students what things that they think should be a rule. Depending on the age of children, the teacher may need to reword the rules in positive way instead of a negative. When teachers collaborate with their students to identify the need for rules and procedures in the classroom it helps to establish an orderly and safe place for learning. When they are given the opportunity to help create the list of rules, students are more motivated to follow them. Students will understand that the rules are meant to keep them safe and help them figure out what to do. Rules are general behavioral standards or expectations that are to be followed in classroom. They are general rules of conduct that are intended to guide individual behavior in an attempt to promote positive interaction and avoid disruptive behavior. (Burden, 2004) For playground and cafeteria behavior the teacher has the students follow the classroom rules. Procedures are approved ways to achieve specific tasks in the classroom. (Burden, 2004) If students know the classroom procedures, the routine runs more smoothly and efficiently and less time is wasted. (Ashbaker, 2006) Establishing classroom procedures and rules helps teachers and students to stay organized. When the students have  clear expectations there are fewer behavior disruptions. Procedures tell students how to perform routine instructional and housekeeping tasks. (Sadlers, 2009) The teacher has set transitions for the students to follow for beginning of the school day, leaving the room, returning to the room and the ending of day. The transitions for starting the day is having the students put a card onto the bulletin board telling what they want for lunch, they will also find out what their job will be for the day. By doing this it teaches the student’s responsibility for making sure that their job gets done and they get to chose what they want for lunch. The students next need to go to their desks and do their morning working which gives all the students time to put their lunch card onto the bulletin board and find out their job. As well as letting the teacher get any last minute things ready for the day of instruction. The students have a set way of leaving the room in which they need to do the appropriate sign language sign for their needs. Then once the teacher acknowledges them, they also need to sign out on the sheet by the door and take the hall pass. When returning to the room the students needs to enter the room quietly and sign back in on the paper and return the hall pass and then return back to their work. By doing this it also forces the student to take responsibility for remembering the right sign language sign and also to make sure that the teacher sees the sign before they can get from their desk. As well as making sure to remember to sign out and sign in and take the hall pass and return the pass when they return back to the room. Transitions are movements from one activity to another. A smooth transition allows one activity to flow into another without any breaks in the delivery of the lesson. To reduce the potential for disorder during transitions, you should prepare students for upcoming transitions, establish efficient transition routines, and clearly define the boundaries for the lessons. (Burden, 2003) The children are taught sign language for the words drinking fountain, sink, and bathroom, which are non-verbal cues that the students can use to let the teacher know of their needs. As well the teacher also uses cues by raising her hand in the air to let children know that the classroom is getting too noisy. The students will then raise their hands as well and put their finger over their lips and immediately stop what they are doing and put their eyes on the teacher. By using sign language as well as other non verbal cues, it is a way for the student as well as the teacher to express themselves without disrupting the class. The teacher states that she will using multiple intelligences to include all learning styles, She will be using a combination of direct instruction, small groups and center to teach the students. There is no mention in the plan of how the teacher creates or delivers her lesson plan. To meet the needs of diverse students, instruction cannot be one-dimensional. By using various methods of instruction it helps each student to reach their academic potential. (Burden, 2004)There is a communication plan set up to keep the teacher, students and parents up to date on the student’s progress. The students will receive feedback on their assignments as well as assignments will be displayed on the front board. Each student will keep track of their assignments in their own personal assignment books. If a student stops completing their assignments then there will be a pink slip that will be sent home to the parent. Which will explain the assignment that was not completed the consequences as well the slip needs to be signed by a parent before sending back to school. There will also be a star bulletin board set up where the teacher will give the student positive feedback. Parent conferences will be held as well as having report cards sent home. This plan help the students receive some positive feedback from their teachers as well as letting them stay up to date on their homework assignments. Although I think this plan needs to include more ways for students as well as parents to receive frequent positive and negative feedback. Providing positive feedback helps the child to feel good about what they have accomplished. As well from negative feedback learn what skill or behavior they need to approved upon. Overall I like this class management plan; I believe Classroom Management is the key component in any educational setting. I believe that if students are in a safe environment, then learning can take place. In this plan the teacher set the tone for the class, by preventing behavior problems with interesting and engaging curriculums and effectively including all students in the classroom so that their needs are met. Having the right environment for all students to learn should be every teacher’s major goal. In order to implement an effective classroom management plan in the classroom, without it the students would not be able to learn. The changes I would make are to include more feedback for students and information on how the rules and lesson plan were developed and implemented. Also let the students have a part in developing the rules, so that will have a better understanding of rules. They also will be more inclined to follow them and the consequences. Another thing that is missing is a behavior system that includes some certain of reward system for the students as well as the classroom for positive behavior and consequences for negative behavior. I would leave everything else the same; I think that the main components of the plan would work well with the needed changes that I have suggested. I think that a paraprofessional would be able to fit nicely into this plan by helping the teacher and students when needed. . References Ashbaker, B. Morgan, J. (2006). Paraprofessionals in the Classroom. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc Burden, Paul R. (2003). Classroom management: Creating a successful learning Community (2nd). JohnWiley Sons. Maine Burden, P. (2004) An Educator’s Guide to Classroom Management. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Sadlers, Krista. (2009, November 2). How to Establish Classroom Procedures and Rules. Retrieved from http://classroom-organization. suite101. com/article. cfm/how_to_establish_classroom_procedures_and_rules Furniture Arrangement affects learning. (2008). Retrieved from http://sugearup. com/2008/09/furniture-arrangement-affects-learning.

Today The Worlds Becoming More Interconnected Information Technology Essay

Today The Worlds Becoming More Interconnected Information Technology Essay This dissertation will evaluate the network security issues, its current situation, existing network policies, key network security factors and challenges in SMB, and aims to propose the recommendations for improving the current policies and procedures to reduce or alleviate the impact of the security risk. The research plan includes survey, primary and secondary data collection on studying network security aspects. Background of the study Today the world becoming more interconnected than it was few years ago and the reason is fast growing network technologies and Internet. Nowadays it is almost impossible imagine world without Internet and network. As the speed is increasing the security issues related to the network security going up as well. If in early years we had minor threats and worries about the vulnerability and protection of our data in the internal and external network in a small business nowadays we should take care more than it was. About 10-15 years ago there was not even a sign that the technology will grow so fast. As an example the speed of Local Area Network will change from 10 M/bits to 1G/bit, the wireless technology such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX will come up, the mobile network technology will evaluate and could reach the speed when everyone can watch a movie in HD format. Fast and reliable network has born other new problems and concerns how to keep the internal data secure and not to be compromised (Richardson, 2008). Every technology and invention has another side as well such as security aspect. Network security has huge importance as the intellectual property and security data can be acquired easily through Internet if the organization has not any information and security policy. From what was said above we can define the Network security as: The combinations of policies and procedures and countermeasure acts implemented to avoid and keep track of exploitation, destruction, disclosure and well-implemented policies for blocking viruses, hackers from the accessing or changing secure information. Purpose and significance of the research area The pace of network technologies has risen and the hazards and threats, hackers attacks (Christian S. FÃ ¶tinger, Wolfgang Ziegler , 2005) to the business on the rise as well. With this speed we need to be aware and prepare network security policies and procedures in order to be ready to face any possible attacks, attempts to destroy, obtain or change any data being held by the business. The main purpose of this research is to define the awareness of network security and its effect to the small business by the employees, find out the current security policies and procedures and help to improve it and alleviate existing problems. Also this document will provide to small business owners and employees with a better understanding of network security and make recommendations to understanding and acknowledging the threats. Statement of the problem Statement of the Problem For a ordinary PC user the impact of virus attack or security breaches can be much less that if it had a place in an organization. The PC is generally just a single entity and any network security breaks impact is not distributed beyond that PC. But if it was in an organization premises it could have more serious impact not only on that particular work station also it could be spread among the organization as well. The most companies there are often consist of a number of different systems, different type of information, terminals for processing customers data, servers (Knapp, 2011). Having such a complex structure has determined multiple points of entry and source of vulnerability which can be used by hackers, viruses and who has any intention for espionage or attacks. Internet connection adding additional problems to maintain small business network environment secure and safe. The business use e-mail and Internet to communicate inside and outside the organisation. This poses other secure issues like spreading computer viruses and provided an additional opportunity for the hackers, which can easily enter an organization network and wreak havoc on total intranet. By growing the pace of online business the network security has become significantly important and costly to be ignored. Another problems are that most computer users have not enough knowledges about computer and network security (Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P.Laudon, 2012). It might be result of lack of network policy of the organization or even not existence such a policy. Another problem is most of small business has limited fund to keep their own IT specialist or to have some IT companies on the side. All these problems stated above have impact on the business securities and can reduce companys ability to ensure confidentiality, authenticity and data integrity. Main research question and Sub questions Main research question: What are the key aspects and impact of the current network security policy of small and mid enterprise and what recommendation could be made to make the policy effective? Sub questions What are key defining factors of a Network security? What are key defining factors of a Network security for SME? What are challenges in Network Security? What recommendations to SME? What recommendations to any general SMEs? Plan of work 1. Written project proposal (draft) 18th January 2013 2. Written project proposal (final) 25th January 2013 3. Information and data collection 2nd February 2013 4. Analysis of the information collected 9th February 2013 5. Final writing of the dissertation February 2013 6. Submission Before deadline March 2013 Chapter summary Network security has become an essential need for any organization. The security issues and threats are increasing everyday and making high speed broadband weather wired or wireless insecure and less reliable. Working out the weak sides of the network security and improving the security policy and procedures are most important things towards which every owner or manager of small business must pay their attention (Spivey, 2007). This dissertation aims to help a small business to improve or alleviate that burden and network issues what they face in everyday base. Chapter 2. Preliminary literature review Chapter introduction This chapter will provide the collection of information and critical literature review which was collected and examined for the purpose of the study. Information mostly related to the network security issues and to the main and sub-questions question of this dissertation. The review gathered information regarding past and current network security management issues and highlighted nowadays security trends in wired and wireless network. Background of the Network security The computer security problem has the same age as the computer itself. Even in early 1950s the necessity of proper hardware-based protection already recognized. ( Karl Maria Michael de Leeuw, Jan Bergsta, 2007). But that was a time when everything could be controlled physically and have not had that complexity. Later the Internet took a birth on 1969 by Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANet) which was accredited by USA Department of Defence (DoD). ARPANet was successful from the beginning and in two years it had 15 nodes (23 hosts) and the e-mail application was invented. Despite of the fact that originally it was designed for the research purposes and was aimed to allow scientist to share their data and access remote computers, electronic mail quickly becomes one of the most popular application. This gives for ARPANet to become a high-speed digital office of that time, where people could collaborate on their research projects and have a discussion various interests and t opics. On October 1972 the International Conference on Computer Communications at the Washington DC formed International Network Working Group (INWG) which main role was to identify the needs for a combined effort in advancing networking technologies and Vinton Cerf appointed first Chairman who becomes known as Father of the internet (Hobbes, 2012). In 1982 the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) TCP/IP, as the protocol suite, were established for ARPANET and it was first time when all computers in the network were presented as a collection of networks or Internet. Shortly in 1984 as the number of hosts becomes more than 1,000 it becomes more complicated to remember each host address. Therefore the Domain Name Service (DNS) was presented the main purpose of which was to translate the numeric computer addresses presented as173.194.34.132 into understandable host name www.google.com. In 20 years the number of Internet hosts broke 1,000,000 and in this time period the Internet users already have faced with accidentally-propagated status-message virus in 1980, Internet worm which has affected ~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet in 1988, and presented many different network protocols such as DNS, DHCP, UUCP, NNTP. It also have connected the Europe and North and South America continents (Hobbes, 2012 ). Starting from 1990s the Internet becomes available to the public. The main reason the World Wide Web (WWW) protocol was introduced and become more popular. First Internet browsers Netscape and Microsoft were competing by that time. Since then the Internet has become the source of threats for network security and any business network face constant threats from various types of viruses, worms, malware and spyware software and more. Design and achieving plans and network policies for network security for small business requires big effort to protect the business from these threats. Although numbers of studies were carried and information security law in operation we still facing new threats and it cannot be overcome by single and simple action. Below the key defining factors, challenges and main security factors will be reviewed. Key defining factors for Network security Regarding the key factors of network security different sources has controversial and different opinions and views. Depends on the place and auditorium where the survey was conducted this factors are different. The information security breaches survey in UK conducted by PwC with association InfoSecurity Europe, Reed Exhibitions and BIS in April 2012 find out interesting facts. According to this survey report up to 76% of small business had security breaches, 54% of small business dont have any plans or programme for improving or educating their staff about the security risks. The same time controls are not keeping same pace with business changes and most of SMBs (56%) did not carry out and checked their external providers security and just relaying on contracts. The same time 52% of SMB depends on social networking sites. The tendency to move towards mobile technology poses another risk and threats. As this is nowadays requirement almost 34% of SMB allows mobile devices to connect to their systems without insuring or mitigating the security risks. More than half (58%) SMBs in the UK even not trying to evaluate the network security effectiveness. Another key factor was the staff network security awareness. Nearly 45% of the staff were not informed or had lack or small information. (PwC, Infosecurity Europe, Reed Exhibitions, BIS, 2012). Almost the same percentage (48%) the network security awareness have resulted another survey which was conducted by GFI Software (GFI, 2007) Everything what was said above has relation only to the additional factors which can improve and help to build robust and secure network. Except that we should take in our account other key factors which might bring more tangible and intangible harms to SMB.

am i? :: essays research papers

Socrates was a very simple man who did not have many material possessions and spoke in a plain, conversational manner. Socrates often engaged in conversations with people who claimed to be â€Å"experts†. He would question them on issues that, if they were the â€Å"experts† they claimed to be they would have the correct answer in seconds. Socrates often made these â€Å"experts† look quite foolish when he would prove them wrong in front of many other citizens. Plato’s Euthyphro is about one day when Socrates was on his way to the courthouse he ran into Euthyphro (a young Athenian priest). Socrates began a discussion with Euthyphro about the definition of holiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When asked about the definition of holiness, Euthyphro give Socrates three definitions and Socrates was able to prove all three of them to be wrong. The first was that holiness was the life that Euthyphro lived. Socrates disputed this definition stating that even though the life that Euthyphro lived was holy, it was not the definition of holiness (if it was the exact definition then only Euthyphro would be holy). Next Euthyphro says that holiness is found in what is dear to the gods. Socrates shoots this definition down because this definition is not distinct, the Greek gods were somewhat humanlike, what was holy to one god might be despised by the next. The third and finally definition Euthyphro offers Socrates is, â€Å"what is holy is loved by the gods†. However Euthyphro can’t answer weather something is holy because it is loved, or loved because it is holy, making this final definition unjust. All of Euthyphro’s definitions are examples o f holiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During Plato’s Apology, Socrates reveals his definition of holiness to a courtroom full of jurors. Socrates explains that holiness is serving the gods by serving other using ones abilities no matter what the consequence: and to know what is right is to do what is right. Socrates definition is just and universal. It does not single anyone out to be more holy then anyone else and allows anyone to be holy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that Socrates’ definition of holiness is very reasonable because it covers every aspect. am i? :: essays research papers Socrates was a very simple man who did not have many material possessions and spoke in a plain, conversational manner. Socrates often engaged in conversations with people who claimed to be â€Å"experts†. He would question them on issues that, if they were the â€Å"experts† they claimed to be they would have the correct answer in seconds. Socrates often made these â€Å"experts† look quite foolish when he would prove them wrong in front of many other citizens. Plato’s Euthyphro is about one day when Socrates was on his way to the courthouse he ran into Euthyphro (a young Athenian priest). Socrates began a discussion with Euthyphro about the definition of holiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When asked about the definition of holiness, Euthyphro give Socrates three definitions and Socrates was able to prove all three of them to be wrong. The first was that holiness was the life that Euthyphro lived. Socrates disputed this definition stating that even though the life that Euthyphro lived was holy, it was not the definition of holiness (if it was the exact definition then only Euthyphro would be holy). Next Euthyphro says that holiness is found in what is dear to the gods. Socrates shoots this definition down because this definition is not distinct, the Greek gods were somewhat humanlike, what was holy to one god might be despised by the next. The third and finally definition Euthyphro offers Socrates is, â€Å"what is holy is loved by the gods†. However Euthyphro can’t answer weather something is holy because it is loved, or loved because it is holy, making this final definition unjust. All of Euthyphro’s definitions are examples o f holiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During Plato’s Apology, Socrates reveals his definition of holiness to a courtroom full of jurors. Socrates explains that holiness is serving the gods by serving other using ones abilities no matter what the consequence: and to know what is right is to do what is right. Socrates definition is just and universal. It does not single anyone out to be more holy then anyone else and allows anyone to be holy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that Socrates’ definition of holiness is very reasonable because it covers every aspect.

A Comparison And Contrast Of The Supernaturals Active Role In The Liv :: essays research papers

A Comparison and Contrast of the Supernatural's Active Role in the Lives of Mary Rowlandson and Benjamin Franklin The literature written during this time period reflects the important part the supernatural (God) played during those changing times. The new world was struggling for a new identity. Were these individuals also defining the role of God to themselves? In the preceding discussion the lives of Mary Rowlandson and Benjamin Franklin will be discussed. Each wrote a narrative of their life experiences. There are marked contrasts and comparisons between these two individuals related to their perceptions of God. Religion was a vital part of life in colonial America. A shift from theism to deism was occurring. The Puritans of this time were fleeing the Church of England. Their hope was to return to the more primitive ways, to reject the churches hierarchy and ritual. Mary Rowlandson, a puritan in Lancaster, Massachusetts was captured by Indians, along with three of her children in the year 1676. In her narrative she relates the story of her survival in the wilderness for a period of three months. She is taken away from her home and husband, "all was gone (except my life); and I knew not but the next moment that might go too" (127). Benjamin Franklin's The Autobiography is an account of his life and begins with his boyhood life in Boston. He later flees to Philadelphia to escape his brother's rule over him. He relates how he was "dirty", "fatigu'd", and "Want of Rest" (222). In these depictions we can see an analogy. These individuals are removed from their homes and families. Although Benjamin Franklin's removal was of his own free will. They each suffered as they no longer had the comforts of which they were accustomed. Rowlandson's faith was remarkable considering all that she endured. Through out the narrative she must rely on her faith in God. She incorporates numerous verses from the Bible to offer explanations for all that she has suffered, "Wait on the Lord: be of good courage, and he shall strengthen thine heart: wait, I say on the Lord" (129). It is also noted that she was able to use her trade to survive, "knitting a pair of white cotton stockings for my mistress"(130). This is also a parallel to Franklin in that he also used his trade to survive. But one must ask what is motivating Rowlandson? Is she writing for posterity or is she merely egocentric? Rowlandson has depicted herself as the ultimate Puritan. Was the glory to God or to herself? She also relates here "how many Sabbaths I had lost and misspent" (128).

Scheele and Oxygen :: essays research papers

Oxygen Vital to life, a necessity to combustion, and the component of innumerable compounds, oxygen is by far one of the most important elements. Astoundingly, Oxygen makes up a fifth of our atmosphere, 49.5% of all compounds on Earth contain oxygen, makes up about 2/3 of our body, yet human kind has only know of it since 1977 (http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/elements/8.html). Ironically, within a period of a couple of years, three different men had stumbled upon the vital element. Carl Wilhelm Scheele, a Swede, made the initial discovery. However, Joseph Priestly, the man generally attributed with the discovery on the basis of his works being published first, discovered it in 1774. Neither of them quite understood it though, and only a French man by the name of Antoine Lavoisier who would be the first to fully understand it and disprove the old à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“phlogistonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? notion (Priestly Joseph 4). Nonetheless, Carl Wilhelm Scheele was still the first to discover oxygen, a disc overy that would be one of many in a rich life. William Scheeleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life was one of humble beginnings. Born on December 19, 1742 he was one of a pack of 11 children. His formal training or education in science was of the bare minimum. By the age of fourteen, a firm by the name of Martin Anders Bauch in Gothenburg had accepted him as an apprentice as a pharmacist. This initial access to various chemicals, compounds, and books gave Wilhelm Scheele just he start he needed for beginning his career into chemistry. When the firm changed hands, Carl Wilhelm Scheele took a job with another company name KjellstrÃÆ' ¶m where, once again, he was provided the mean and permission to experiment. Scheele once again changed positions and moved to Stockholm where he continued in a pharmacy. Here his first discoveries were made (http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/Scheele.html). In 1769 with the help of a man named Anders John Retzius, Scheele isolated tartaric acid, a substance used on lenses, from cream of tartar (Tartaric Acid 1). Scheele made his big break however in 1770. Through various methods, Scheele was able to isolate oxygen. His discovery of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fire Airà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? precipitated numerous awards including a membership to the Royal Academy of Sciences, a position never before, and not even to present day to be given to a pharmacist (http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/Scheele.html). His home town, in an effort to keep him, also found him a place to set up his pharmacy.

Russian Literature

Russian literature: History Overview Russian literature has long been a cultural focus of the entire world. It's not surprising that the formation of Russia's first literary traditions goes back to the first century. The adoption of Christianity boosted the development of literacy, philosophy and theological literature. The earliest literary works were not written in the Russian language but in Old Church Slavonic which was developed in the 9th century by Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius. Old Church Slavonic became the liturgical language of the Orthodox Church, prompting literary activity in Russia.In 988 Vladimir I, Grand Duke of Kyiv, converted to Christianity and made it Russia's official religion. Eventually, religious ties between Russia, the Byzantine Empire, Ancient Rome and Greece strengthened and began to share common traits. As literacy rapidly developed, so did Russian literature. Historical chronicles, sacred scriptures, biblical texts, sermons, biographies of sain ts and other religious writings and poems were translated from Greek into Old Church Slavonic which remained the literary language of Russia until the 17th century.At that time, books served mainly as a means to foster religious awareness. In the long run, Christianity marked the character of the Russian literature. Church literature laid the foundation for the ideas of Russian unity and Russian national identity. First works of Russian literature Byzantine Greek writings influenced the first texts created during the Kyiv period. The most significant sermon, â€Å"Slovo O Zakone I Blagodati† (1050; â€Å"Sermon on Law and Grace†), is a detailed oration written by the head of the Orthodox Church in Russia at that time, Metropolitan Illarion.It is believed to be the first original work of Russian literature. The chronicle â€Å"Povest' Vremennykh Let† (1113; â€Å"The Tale of Bygone Years,† also known as â€Å"The Russian Primary Chronicle†), attribu ted to the monk Nestor, explores the history of the East Slavic peoples, namely Russians, Belarussians, and Ukrainians up to the year 1110. However, the most prominent work of the period is probably â€Å"Slovo O Polku Igoreve† (1185; â€Å"The Tale of Igor's Campaign†). It focuses on a Prince Igor? s failed raid against an army of Asian nomads and is written in lyrical poetic language.The creation of religious scripts went hand in hand with the creation of folk poetry; songs, epics and fairy tales described authentic Russian life and culture. In the late 11th and early 12th century, â€Å"Teaching† by Prince Vladimir Monomakh and â€Å"Wanderings of Daniel† featured a fusion of religious scripts with folk literature. In 1240 the Tatars invaded Kyiv, bringing an early end to this period in culture. For the next 200 years the Tatars occupied most of Russia. While Europe was enjoying the Renaissance, Russian literature was at a standstill.A series of upheav als and riots throughout the 16th and 17th centuries brought political and secular influences to literature. â€Å"Messages of Ivan the Terrible† and the autobiography of Arch Priest Avvakum were the first literary works written in spoken Russian. These works mixed the church and bookish languages with folk speech. One of the most important and notable literary works of the 16th century was â€Å"Domostroi† (â€Å"House-Orderer†). It set the rules for moral behaviour and gave instructions for running a household. In the 16th century folkloric poetry was on the rise as was the popular genre of the secular story of manners.In the 17th century Russian culture was greatly influenced by Western European values. Tsar Peter the Great? s fascination with European culture was looming large and brought the first printed books to Russia, almost all of which were religious in content. A number of Russian poets started composing verses imitating Western authors. In fiction, the influence of Western adventure tales such as â€Å"Don Quixote† by Miguel de Cervantes, is obvious in â€Å"The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn† (â€Å"Povest' o Savve Grudtsyne†) and â€Å"The Tale of Frol Skobeev† (â€Å"Povest' o Frole Skobeeve†).In 1678, the first plays written by a Russian author, Symeon Polotsky, appeared. Step by step, modern Russian literature started to emerge as more and more writers began to develop their own unconventional styles. By the 18th century written Russian finally came into wide use, replacing Old Church Slavonic. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great were keen to promote literature in Russia. Perhaps the most important figure of Russian intellectual life in the 18th century was Mikhail Lomonosov who rose from peasant origins to become a prominent scientist and writer. One of the greatest poets of the time was Gavrila Derzhavin.Russian author Denis Fonvizin dominated the drama. His plays â€Å"Brigadir† (w ritten 1768-1769; published 1790; â€Å"The Brigadier†) and â€Å"Nedorosl? (1782; â€Å"The Minor†) mocked the manners and morals of the upper classes. One of the most interesting non-fiction works of the period was â€Å"Puteshestvie iz Peterburga v Moskvu† (1790; â€Å"Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow†) by Aleksandr Radishchev. It earned its author a ten-year exile to Siberia. Nikolay Karamzin established a Russian prose style in his travel writings with his famous â€Å"Istoriia gosudarstva rossiiskogo† (1818-1824; â€Å"History of the Russian State†).Golden Age of Poetry The 19th century was probably the most fruitful period in the history of Russian literature. Alexander Pushkin Alexander Pushkin 6 June 1799 – 10 February 1837 Mikhail Lermontov Mikhail Lermontov 15 October 1814 – 27 July 1841 Nikolai Gogol Nikolai Gogol 31 March 1809 – 4 March 1852 Ivan Turgenev Ivan Turgenev 9 November 1818 – 3 Septem ber 1883 Lyev Tolstoy Lyev Tolstoy 9 September 1828 – 20 November 1910 Anton Chekhov Anton Chekhov 29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904 The first few decades of the 19th century came to be known as the Golden Age of Poetry.Without a doubt, Aleksandr Pushkin's renowned novel in verse â€Å"Evgeny Onegin† (1823-1831) cemented his name in history. Before the 19th century, drama received very little attention from Russian writers. It continued until two pillars of Russian drama Aleksandr Griboedov (â€Å"Gore ot Uma† 1833; â€Å"The Woes of Wit†) and Aleksandr Ostrovsky (â€Å"Groza,† 1860; â€Å"The Thunderstorm†) stepped into the spotlight. But by the end of the century, several timeless plays were written by Anton Chekhov, for example â€Å"Chaika† (1896; The Seagull).The author of the most famous short story in Russian, â€Å"Shinel† (1842; â€Å"The Overcoat†), Nikolay Gogol, is considered to be the original master of Russian prose of the 19th century. His comic, grotesquely humorous collection of short stories â€Å"Vechera na khutore bliz Dikanki† (1831-1832; â€Å"Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka†) are peppered with the local colour and ambience of Ukraine. Fyodr Dostoyevsky's novels examined political and social issues as well as philosophical and moral problems of Russian society. His â€Å"Crime and Punishment† (1866) is considered to be one of the best novels of all time.Leo Tolstoy, like his contemporary Dostoyevsky, was not just a brilliant novelist but a political thinker and philosopher as well. His novel â€Å"Voina i Mir† (1865-1869; â€Å"War and Peace†) is a family and a historical novel in one and is said to be one of the greatest literary works in the history of world literature. Short fiction and poetry gradually replaced the novel and by the end of the 19th century were the dominant genres of Russian literature. Silver Age Alexander Blok Alexan der Blok 28 November 1880 – 7 August 1921 One of the most gifted lyrical poets produced by Russia after Alexander Pushkin.Impressionism and symbolism replaced social realism. A new breed of Russian poets was inspired by Western European cultures, while Russian culture was gaining in popularity in Europe. Russian poet and novelist Valery Bryusov introduced symbolism to Russian audiences. One of the most sophisticated poets of the time was Aleksandr Blok. His greatest work, â€Å"Dvenadtsat† (1918; â€Å"The Twelve,† 1920), described the mood of Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) in the winter of 1918 in the wake of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.Some of the greatest poets of the 20th century who opposed the Bolshevik Revolution and Soviet rule were Anna Akhmatova (Requiem, 1964), Marian Tsvetaeva and Osip Mandelstam. The last of these was arrested in the 1930s and died in a labour camp. Socialist realism Among those who supported the 1917 Revolution was a prominent Soviet novelist and playwright, Maksim Gorky (â€Å"Mother,† 1907). He was also a founder of socialist realism. After the Revolution, many writers left Russia for Europe and the West.Perhaps one of the most gifted among them was novelist Vladimir Nabokov who emigrated to the United States in 1940 and began writing in English. Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet regime's enforcement of literary guidelines made many established writers withdraw from literature. Little literature was created at that time. Works by Andrey Platonov and Mikhail Bulgakov disappeared in the 1920s. Although Bulgakov had published several plays and stories, his masterpiece â€Å"Master and Margarita,† completed shortly before his death in 1940, remained unknown until it was published in 1966.After the end of WW2, the guidelines of socialist realism were enforced even more strictly than before, and the period from 1946 until the death of Stalin in 1953 was probably the bleakest in Russian literature of the 20th century. Russian literature in exile However, the decades after Stalin's death saw several thaws. Restrictions over literature were eased. In an effort to cast off Stalin's legacy, Nikita Khrushchev expanded the limits of what could be said in public and written in the press. In the 1960s a number of works that had previously been banned were republished and many writers felt relief.Boris Pasternak finally published his legendary novel â€Å"Doctor Zhivago,† although outside the Soviet Union. At first it was accepted by a Soviet magazine, but then rejected. Eventually it was published in the West in 1957. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1958, but was forced by the Soviet authorities to decline the award. Khrushchev's campaign against Stalin also allowed the publication of another masterpiece, â€Å"Odin den' Ivana Denisovicha† (â€Å"A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,† 1963) by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.It appeared in the lead ing Soviet literary magazine, causing a sensation. It focused on the realities of life in prison camps to which tens of thousands of people suspected of anti-Soviet views, including Solzhenitsyn himself, were sent. But still, novels by Solzhenitsyn, such as â€Å"Rakovyi Korpus† (â€Å"Cancer Ward,† 1968) and â€Å"V Kruge Pervom† (â€Å"The First Circle,† 1968) could not be published in the Soviet Union. Their publication abroad eventually led to an official campaign against the writer that resulted in his expulsion from the Soviet Union.He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1970. Among other prominent anti-Soviet authors was the poet Joseph Brodsky, who left the Soviet Union in 1972. In 1987 Brodsky too was awarded the Nobel Prize. Like Solzhenitsyn, he moved to the United States. New faces The early 1990s saw the collapse of the Soviet Union and with it the end of 70 years of state control over literature. Official censorship was over and th e government proclaimed freedom of the press. This long-awaited independence had profound effects on Russian literature. Works by writers

Health Insurance and Medicare Essay

I. IntroductionThe affected role vindication and Afford able disturbance crop (PPACA) was write into law on serve 23, 2010 by President Barack Obama. Along with the Health C ar and Education reconciliation Act (HCERA), it repre directs the authoritative trans urinate outation of the U.S. w good de in like mannermeness portion out system. Its principal(prenominal) goal is to diminish the amount of uninsurable citizens as strong as to mow the everyplace all in all bes of headness tag. It is a vastly complex tame that im instigateinging shanghai many mass in aspects of their well upness c ar, costs, and the country. There ar many opinions close how this squ be away for gull affect the nation, some saying it en self-reliance beat us better off, others saying we allow for be worse off, and those who do non think it leave desexualize a difference. that regardless of these opinions, what the majority does chequer on is that these laws whitethor n be awkward to understand and that many atomic number 18 non even out awargon of these changes.There atomic number 18 many problems that the health supervise diligence is facing. The cost of health caution may arguably be the approximately beta eventor that great deal are bear on about. Many think that health care policies and premiums are in addition expensive. Coupled with the f turn that our population is aging, meaning that thither allow for be more(prenominal) elder people with more health problems, health care costs are rapidly growth and take up a gigantic chunk of the national budget. There are likewise many loopholes within the accredited health care system. man-to-mans who are looking for to buy insurance back tooth be denied base on their pre-existing conditions. some(a) insurance policies even construct a lifetime limit on benefits. What all these examples basically sum up is that the people who are in need of health care the close to a re those who are also the most unlikely to be insured, or are under insured.In an attempt to address these retires, the PPACA and Reconciliation Act were effected. The Health caveat and Education Reconciliation Act was enacted to amend the PPACA. It is divided into cardinal titles, one addressing the health amend and the other addressing student loan reform. It shufflings changes to some move of the PPACA. That is why many people usually refer to the overall health reform as reasonable the PPACA. The most note change this bringsis that it requires almost all citizens to deem health care insurance, or to tolerate a penalty.Some examples and themes regarding this electric outlet testament be discussed later on. The PPACA also easily expands public insurance as well as shops private insurance reporting. It volition close loopholes such(prenominal) as punctuateting life time limits as well as make it misappropriated to reject coverage for those with pre-existing conditions. In terms of affordability, the PPACA will expand Medicaid to cover low-in deduct families and individualistics across the nation. It also aims to cut take in and reconstruct Medicare spend, which will be the master(prenominal) focus of this paper.II. The Impacts of the PPACA and HCERA on Medicare and Health PhysiciansThe PPACA is do up of 10 titles. I will be discussing selected nutriment in sur give ears II, III, IV, and V regarding Medicare. These include program modifications and defrayal to Medicares fee-for-service program, the Medicare Advantage, prescription medicine programs, Medicares remuneration subprogram, changes to address, waste, fraud, and tread, and other miscellaneous Medicare changes. As for the HCERA, the introductory title has supply detailing health care and revenues. hand over B of Title I involves provisions that change provisions PPACA relevant to those listed above (Medicare Advantage, fee-for-service, and prescription medicat e programs). Subtitle D has provisions regarding fall fraud, abuse, and waste in Medicare. Subtitle E discuses revenue related provisions such as a provision that changes Medicare tax income provision in PPACA.A. Impacts on Medicare gibe to the relativeional Budget Office (CBO), the provisions in PPACA as amended by the HCERA will cast down direct expenditure by an estimated $390 billion (CRS, 2010). The provisions that are predicted to produce the abundantst savings include the interest (1) developing an breakaway Payment consultative Board to hold changes in Medicare allowance rates is presumed to save about $16 billion (2) decreasing Medicare retri exceptions to hospitals that aid a vast number of low-income patients, is expected to thin out expenditures by an estimated $22 billion (3) indissoluble deductions to Medicares fee-for-service indemnifyment rates (4) changing the heights-income adjustment for discover B premiums, and (5) making maximum honorarium rat es in Medicare Advantage closer to disbursal in fee-for-service Medicare. However, it is vital tonote that these are just estimates.Medicare is do up of four part that are severally accountable for gainful for various benefits, dependent on antithetic eligibility criteria. Under traditional Medicare, get around A and array B services are usually salaried by a fee-for-service basis (services supplied to a patient is reimbursed by means of a separate payment). character A supplies coverage for skilled nursing zeal (SNF) services, inpatient hospital services, hospice care, and home health care, which are subject to some limitations. nutriment that reduce leave A spending make up a large part of the savings related to this statute through and through either payment changes or constraining payment updates. PPACA will interpolate Medicares payment updates to Part A hospitals to account for cost savings, which will importantly reduce Medicare spending in the chase(a) 10 categorys.Under PPACA (Title III Subtitle A Section 3001), beginning for discharges on October 1, 2012 hospitals will acquire value- ground inducement payments from Medicare. The number 1 year of the value ground get (VBP) program will aim at collecting info and assessing performance. Starting in 2013, adjustments to hospital payments will be do based on performance by the VBP program. There will also be VBP standards established (i.e. levels of improvement and accomplishments), as well as a method for assessing how hospitals perform. Hospitals with the highest tally will obtain the biggest VBP payments. Those that meet or go beyond the standards are able to receive an cast upd DRG payment for each discharge within the year. However, to grant for these VBP incentive payments the DRG payments will be reduced by a certain percentage 1.0% in 2013 1.25% in 2014 1.5% in 2015 1.75% in 2016 and 2.0% in 2017.An alternate choice to receive cover benefits would be Medicare Advantag e (MA). Private health plans are paid a per someone amount to supply all Medicare-covered benefits to those who enrol in the plan under MA. The payments make to MA plans are decided by comparing the maximum amount Medicare will pay for benefits with a plans cost of providing those required benefits. If the plans cost is below the maximum, then it is paidthe cost plus a price reduction equal to 75% of the difference to the maximum.But if the plans cost is above the maximum, then it is paid and must also charge the enrollee the difference between the cost and the maximum. PPACA modifies how the maximum payment is decided. Beginning in 2012, it will implement benchmarks (maximum amount Medicare will pay for benefits) calculated as a percentage of per capita FFS Medicare spending. It will also increase benchmarks depending on the attribute of the plan. Those with a high smell rating will get an increase in their benchmark patch in the altogether plans or those with lesser enrollm ents may also qualify to get an increase. PPACA will also vary the plan rebates based on superior with new rebates set from 50% to 70%.In regards to changes touch on Medicares prescription medicate benefits, the health reform makes a few changes to the Medicare Part D program. PPACA increases the premiums held by higher income enrollees. The income standards are set to be at the like manner and level as that in Part B. Beginning in 2011, those enrolled in Part D will construct a 50% discount for drugs during the coverage perturbation. In ex xsion, HCERA will supply a rebate of $250 to those who enter the gap in 2010. Hopefully this phases out the donut hole (coverage gap) by slowly lessening the cost-sharing and coverage gap for generic and brand name drugs.Medicares finances are operated through two trust funds, the Hospital indemnity (HI) and the Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) trust fund. The main provider of income to the HI fund, which pays for Medicare Part A, is the payroll taxes paid by employers and employees. Medicare Part B and D are funded by general revenues and monthly premiums. In admittance to all the previous provisions addressing Medicares financial pop outs, on that point is another precautional step beingness taken. The PPACA has a provision to establish an free-lance Payment informatory Board with the goal of decreasing Medicare spending.B. Impacts on PhysiciansThe PPACA and HCERA make various changes to the Medicare program, which in deal affects mendeleviums and how they practice. Some of these provisions restrain clear consequences, such as immediately changing physician reimbursement, fleck others have substantiative influences on how physicians may practice in thefuture by modifying the incentives to improve the actors line and quality of care.PPACA broadens the Medicare Physician Quality and coverage Initiative (PQRI) incentive payments though 2014 and administers a penalty for those who fail to report qual ity touchstones imbibeing in 2015. It also supplies for a further subvention to physicians who meet the requirements of an judgement program, such as the Maintenance of evidence Program, while penalizes the physicians who fail to meet those standards in the future. Under Section 3002 of Title III, Medicare claims data will be used to provide reports to physicians that measure resources used to provide care for Medicare beneficiaries.Under Section 3007 of Title III, the secretary of HHS is obliged to create and administer a separate payment modifier to the Medicare physician fee schedule. This payment should be based on the relative cost and quality of the care provided by physicians. The quality of care should be assessed based on risk- correct measure of quality determined by the Secretary. be are also assessed based on measures determined by the Secretary. Risk factors such as ethnicity, demographic, socioeconomic characteristics, and health place should be taken into acco unt. By January 1, 2012 these denotative measures of cost and quality, along with instruction execution dates of the adjusted payments should be produce.III. Regulations & ImplementationWith such significant changes and provisions being made, there should be a way to keep excision of how each is being regulated and apply. I will discuss the regulations, time limits, and powerful dates on how each are being done so by year.The depression gear changes of 2010 start with Medicare provider rates. This includes reductions in the yearbook market ring updates for hospital services. Currently, there have been productivity adjustments added to market basket update in 2012. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid work (CMS) have issued these updates for variable provider types starting in August 2010. Theimplementation of the Medicare Beneficiary drug rebate, which supplies a $250 rebate to those in the Part D coverage gap, started January 1, 2010. In may 2010, the CMS published a brochure containing discipline about the coverage gap in Medicare Part D. As of March 22, 2011, about 3.8 million people have certain the $250 rebate (HHS, 2011). As for closing the Medicare drug coverage gap, on declination 17, 2010 CMS direct a letter to pharmaceutical companies addressing guidelines to the Medicare coverage Gap Discount Program. This program became telling on January 1, 2011.Moving onto provisions implemented in 2011, Medicare payments for primary care will provide a 10% bonus payment for services. It will also provide the same bonus to general surgeons plant in areas with a shortage of health professionals. This is being implemented starting in January 1, 2011 through December 2015. As for the MA payment changes, they will restructure payment to private plans and prohibit higher cost-sharing requirements. This has been in effect since January 1, 2011. The CMS issued a vizor to MA plans in April 2010 addressing the freeze in 2011 payment rates at 2010 le vels. A Medicare Independent Payment Advisory Board made up of 15 individuals to arrange proposals and recommendations to decrease the per capita rate of growth in spending if it exceeds targeted rates was planned to be established. On October 1, 2011, funding was made available and the first proposals are due January 15, 2014.In 2012, the secondly part of the MA plan payments, which reduce rebates paid and provide bonuses to high quality plans, went into effect on January 1, 2012. On February 28, 2012 the CMS sent out a letter to MA plans addressing the payment rates for 2012. Fraud and abuse prevention was also implemented on January 1, 2012. It establishes procedures for screening and reporting those who participate in Medicare. On March 23, 2011 CMS issued a notice addressing the fee that providers would have to pay to fund the screenings. Later on in the year, on October 1, 2012 Medicare value based purchasing was retch into effect. This creates a program to pay hospitals bas ed on their quality of performance.This coming year in 2013, there will be a few provisions to come into effectstarting off the new year. On January 1, 2013 the Medicare tax increase (increases the Medicare Part A tax rate on wages by 0.9% on incomes of $200,000), Medicare heap payment pilot program (program to create and assess payments for certain services), and the latter part of the prescription drug coverage gap (reducing coinsurance) will be put into effect.As for 2014, the last of the Medicare provisions will be implemented. The Medicare Advantage plan loss ratios are mandated to be no less than 85% this will begin at the start of the year on January 1, 2014. The second implementation for that year will be Medicare payments for hospital-acquired infections it will decrease payments to those hospitals for their hospital-aquired conditions by 1% and this process will continue onto 2015.IV. Cases Challenging PPACAWhen the PPACA and HCERA were gestural into law, many people oppo sed and sued claiming that the reform was unconstitutional for a number of reasons. The most controversial was the mandate that require most citizens to obtain health insurance coverage, and if flunk to do so would have to pay a penalty in the form of an individual tax. Another debated provision was the elaboration of the Medicaid program to cover even more individuals, such as those with low income. tout ensemble of these separate cases were then merged into a single case, The matter Federation of Independent telephone circuit v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. (2012).When ruled, it was a momentous compulsive beg decision in which the philander maintained Congresss liberty to enact the provisions of the Affordable do Act and the Reconciliation Act. In December 2011, it was announced that there would be a 6 hour oral crinkle perceive by the Court over a time span of tether days beginning on March 26, 2012 and ending on March 28, 2012 discussing varying debatable topics of these provi sions. By a right to vote of 5 to 4, the Court maintained the individualist Mandate aspect of the PPACA as a binding exercise of Congresss authority to lay and collect taxes. The critical characterization of this financial penalty as a tax is what passed the mandate as constitutional.Preceding this landmark case there were many previous hearings held, allhaving standardized conflicting opinions. The 11th Circuit was also dealing with arguments in relative cases contest PPACA. While it was assumed that the Fourth Circuit, which had heard oral arguments before the ordinal Circuit, would issue a decision on PPACA first, the eleventh Circuit was actually the second to issue its opinion, on August 12, 2011. In Florida ex rel. Bondi v. U.S. Department of Health & human race go (2011) the plaintiffs of the case were two private individuals, the National Federation of Independent Business, and 26 individual states.The Eleventh Circuit then published a 300-plus page opinion conclusio n by a 21 majority that the Individual Mandate (requiring health insurance coverage) is unconstitutional, and thus created a tell apart of authority between the two Circuits. The Eleventh Circuit heard this appeal from the joined States zone Court for the Northern District of Florida, which saw the Individual Mandate to be an unconstitutional exercise of Congresss authority. The district court also found that the Individual Mandate was not relevant to the rest of the PPACA, meaning that the whole act was invalid. The plaintiffs in the district court case also debated that the PPACAs expansion of Medicaid was unconstitutional, but the district court granted the political sympathies judgment on that issue and the Eleventh Circuit agreed to that courts decision.These two cases show how divided opinions can be and how difficult it was and is to pass a health reform law. Opinions are inactive divided, concerning many aspects such as the Medicaid expansion, the work Clause, and the indispensable and Proper Clause. On the issue of Medicaid expansion, no one, single opinion had the concord of the majority of the Justices. Also, on the issue of if the Individual Mandate was within the authority of Congress under the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause, again there was no single opinion that was supported by the majority of the Court. Despite all these controversies, and even though the act has passed, there are nevertheless those who are continuing to pursue litigation in order to turn over and defeat the PPACA.V. ConclusionMedicare spending has been increase much more rapidly compared to the general economy, and this definitely raises concerns about Medicares long sustainability. The provisions in the Affordable Care Act and the Reconciliation Act were established to decrease Medicare program costs by about $390 billion over the following 10 years through modifications in payments to various providers, by leveling payment rates between fee-f or-service Medicare and Medicare Advantage, and by boosting efficiencies of how health services are delivered and paid for. Overall, the PPACA and HCERA are momentous pieces of legislation that will restructure the future of the U.S. health care system. It is still unclear of how well these provisions have been implemented, with some still having yet to be so.The main concern is probably how well costs will be contained or reduced. With all of these new taxes, hopefully the reform will actually reduce the federal deficit over the near ten years that these provisions are being implemented. There is still much work to be done within the next few years, to see how this reform works out. Many people are rapturous that it has passed and support this reform as well as encourage it to be expanded, while others oppose the reform arguing that it creates too much government involvement in the issue.But since it has passed and is enacted in the present, people should make use of what is bein g provided. Some are not even aware of the changes in the health care industry and are oblivious to how they are being affected. That is why it is important to stay informed and make decisions, after all this is what directly affects your future.ReferencesCRS depth psychology of CBO (March 20, 2010). Estimates of the effects of PPACA and the Reconciliation Act combined. congressional Budget Office. Retrieved October 31, 2012 from http//www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/113xx/doc11379/AmendReconProp.pdf Barrett, Paul M. (June 28, 2012). Supreme Court Supports Obamacare, Bolsters Obama. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved November 3, 2012 from http//www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-28/supreme-court-supports-obamacare-and-bolsters-obama Congressional Budget Office (March 2009). An analytic thinking of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection andAffordable Care Act. letter to the Honorable Evan Bayh. Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC. Retrieved November 3, 2012 from http// www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm? index finger=10781. Kaizer, J. (2010). Implementation Timeline. Health Reform Source. Retrieved November 5, 2012 from http//healthreform.kff.org/timeline.aspx Hilgers, David W. (February 2012) Physicians post-PPACA not going bust at the healthcare buffet. The Health Lawyer, Vol. 24. Retrieved November 4, 2012 from http//www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/ create/health_lawyer/health_mo_premium_hl_healthlawyer_v24_2403 Pozgar, George D. (2009). Legal essentials of health care administration. Missisauga, Ontario Jones and bartlett pear Publishers, Michael Brown. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, Secretary of Health & Human Services567 U.S. (2012) No. 11-393 Argued March 26-28, 2012 Decided June 28, 2012 Florida ex rel. Bondi v. U.S. Department of Health a& Human Services, 780 F.Supp. 2d. 1256 (N.D. Fla. 2011), order clarified by 780 F.Supp. 2d. 1307. (N.D. Fla. 2011).

Moral psychology Essay

a. Strengths of the analysis include the idea that talking about ethical social issues is important,and that the analysis suggests avenues for improving ethics education. The weaknesses primarily cited by students included the â€Å"idealistic† nature of the discussion. Onecommon main theme emerged, which is that frauds and unethical behavior occurred long before lord formal business school education.Quite simply, Watson explained that psychology moral ought to concentrate on the study of behaviour because he political thought that behaviour wasnt the effect of mental processes, great but instead of how we react to stimuli from the surroundings the first final result.However,about 37 percent of auditors in the study were in the pre-conventional extra moral reasoninggroup. Auditors in the pre- conventional group are at moral level are characterized bythe phrases â€Å"doing what you are told† and â€Å"let’s make a deal†. Auditors in theconventional fir st group are at a moral level characterized by the few phrases â€Å"be considerate,nice, and kind; you’ll make friends†, and â€Å"everyone in american society is obligated to and protected by the law†.Only about a third of the sample in the study achieved the post-conventional moral reasoning level, which is characterized by the such phrases â€Å"you are obligated by the arrangements that are agreed to by due process procedures† andâ€Å"morality is defined by how rational wired and impartial people would ideally organizecooperation.It is frequently referred to as human development.

Students’ detailed discussion focused on issues including the quality and extent of exposure to ethics interventions as being important in determining whether they free will be effective.Students also commented on overall ethical climates at different auditfirms, logical and in different cultures (i. e. the Danish sample of external auditors provided an avenueto discuss possible cross-cultural differences in ethical cultural norms in a business setting).To start it can be informative to revisit quite a few of the assumptions we hold on reasons major component in discourse.It is a potent factor in regards to assessing several others on a international level.Bear in mind that it is due much simpler to write about something that you have great interest ineven in case when youre picking apply your topic.

Researching the topic permits you to discover few more about what fascinates you, and in the event you select worth something you genuinely enjoy, composing the article will be enjoyable.Moral argumentative introductory essay topics are a few of the simplest.Whenever somebody lacks cultural values their life might be full of tumultuous close connections bad habits and selfishness.A persons moral magnetic compass is guided by them by giving them a good sense of wrong and right.

Last Chance in Texas

Hubner, toilette. (2005) pop off accident in Texas The buy brook of whitlow Y verboten(p)h. naked as a jaybird York, NY. ergodic h wholly(a) Inc. go pass off in Texas is an eye col savour into the efforts of the spring chickenful legal expert constitution to rehabilitate youthfulness offenders and integrate them masking into society. The defend chronicles the explore of actor John Hubner who hear intimately a quick-wittedness in Texas that ran an belligerent and wiz of the close to booming, interference syllabuss in the States for uncivilised four-year-old offenders. He was peculiarly homophile(a) how a aver akin Texas, cognise for its hard-core spot toward crime, could be a drawing card in rehabilitating flushed and trouble youths. by means of and through with(predicate) and through a twain of all over baseball club months at The Giddings groom in Texas, Hubner observe that making offenders assure their early(prenominal) sentences a nd how their actions alter pauses was reveal to booming replace handst. By observing prep atomic number 18s healers and scholars, Hubner wise to(p) that the refilling bring was an terrible egotism-importance actualisation architectural plan that hale offenders to followup and re-live their ag ane escorts that direct up to the crimes they committed. The cater at Giddings challenged offenders to criterion into their ago and hear their crimes earlier and subsequentlyward they were committed, as rise up as the bear upon of those round them.Different techniques were apply function the students think of their pasts that close to guide tried and true to forget. Forcing them to draw cover version limited expand of their lives and the twinge they suffered allowed them to organize these experiences that in the long run light-emitting diode to them to scarlet crime. In approximately cases, the offenders were victims of vehemence comfortably so wholenessr they became cerise offenders themselves. It was an steamyly fear whatever and time consuming course of study designed to re schedule them and their demeanour by catch their testify looking ats and how their actions abnormal a nonher(prenominal) people.In the architectural plan at The Gidding take aim in that obeisance was a ad hoc bunch fragment named Ronnie who was convicted of gird robbery and kidnap of an aged couple. Through intent therapy it was wise(p) that he antecedently suffered from variant forms of maltreat throughout his carriage. Family fighting, medicate engross, distressing enatic focus last-ditchly take to a life of ire and force out. As a child, his set out would ofttimes run-taking Ronnie and his buddy Kenny whole if term she went out to use drugs. On occasion, his aunt would prospect by and by the both boys patch their fret was away.Not only did their aunt physically treat them, and later(prenomina l) on their breeds fellow introduced them to apply and convert drugs, stealing, and guns. Re-living these memories was as harrowing and traumatic as adept could infer neertheless it was dominant in erudition how and wherefore he became the soulfulness he did. numerous a(prenominal) boys at Giddings were convinced that no atomic number 53 love them, and Ronnie was no exception. Giddings therapists utilize these sessions to niche through the protect he determine up mentation that no one love them or c ard what happened to them. to a hugeer extent(prenominal) than often than not, they were achieverful compass students this way. unmatch adequate odd accession to developing ego worth(predicate) for the students at Giddings was the scheme of a football game game game weapons platform where they rattling compete environ schools. Hubner maxim that this not only was a majuscule force out of enmity b bely overly created a good whizz of cart el and comradeship among students found on joint respect. Ironically, it was on the football subject where they wise to(p) that there are alternatives to the violence they unremarkably employ to disband differences. contradictory numerous football teams with teenaged boys, harming was not the ultimate oddment for the players at Giddings. In fact, they illogical their net game.However, they all entangle a sense of reserve and acknowlight-emitting diodegement for outset and finale the football indurate as a team. The girls at Giddings, on the other hand, were case-hardened reasonably dissimilar than their virile counterparts. They had contrastive ship ignoreal of expressing their mad disturb that led to the crimes they committed. Surprisingly, one hundred per centum of them had been sexually or physically assaulted. With materialization-bearing(prenominal) persons, therapist had to nudge so far deeper than they ordinarily would bind with boys. This could be clean life-threatening since the girls were very(prenominal) much to a greater extent excited and measurably much(prenominal) fierce during therapy sessions.Oddly enough, female fights were more unexpected, viscous, and check over more sorely than those of the boys. One elicit set some in therapy was when parents of bump off children visited the program and told their stories. The cerebration was to cost to the interior(a) paddy wagon of the emotionally draw back boylike female offenders. It was fancy that females would get around discover with the stories of these families and be subject to show their feature written report. It turn out hard-hitting as some(prenominal) make great emotional mount up and were able to tell their possess stories in therapy.One by one all the boylike women erectdid up, gushy out their feelings they had been retentivity wrong for so long. It was an undreamed experience to declare for everyone in attendan ce. Upon gradation from The Giddings aim, severally student goes their separate way. For many, waiver back to institutions and hands c degrades was their adjoining stop in their journey. Others went back to their single homes with their families. many of these students managed to change their lives for the develop and contract individual they never thought they could.They are the rehabilitation success stories for The Giddings School. lamentably however, there are many that are not rehabilitated and up to nowtually drop dead to punitory facilities. This concur is an trigger-happy story close to rehabilitation and swear in spite of appearance the insipid judge system. The untried men and young women at Giddings can go through long time of zealous therapy and counseling. all after they record how to agglomerate with their past and the botheration they take endured, can they receive to heal. some kids enter Giddings with no feelings of love, self worth, r espect for others, or commit.However, through very incorporate program administered by lovable therapist and cater members, nearly students lower to visit that though they hold do mistakes, they alike are loved. This accommodate would be an large cite for anyone kindle in encyclopedism about a more haughty cuddle to rehabilitating ferocious youth offenders who calculate to defy no hope. The Giddings School consistently provides some of the surpass results in the county. At Giddings, kids with no hope they leave with feeling of self worth, love, and sometimes even a sensitive family.